Embalming
Embalming methods
Embalming refers to the chemical or physical treatment of the deceased to slow the natural decomposition of tissues. Modern embalming is primarily based on injecting formaldehyde-based fluid into the vascular system (arterial embalming). In the treatment, blood is replaced with preservation fluid, which fixes the proteins and prevents bacterial activity. The procedure requires special training and is performed in a dedicated space.
Thanatopraxis is a broader concept that covers, in addition to embalming, the cosmetic preparation of the deceased: skin treatment, make-up and presentation. In North America and the United Kingdom, thanatopraxis is standard practice, but in Finland and other Nordic countries, the preparation of the deceased typically includes only washing and dressing without chemical treatment.
Embalming in Finland
In Finland, embalming is rare in everyday practice. The deceased is stored in cold rooms at a temperature of approximately +2–4 degrees Celsius, which slows decomposition sufficiently until the funeral. The Burial Act requires that burial or cremation takes place within a reasonable time after death, usually within a month, so long-term preservation is not needed.
Embalming is relevant in Finland primarily in two situations. First, in international transport of the deceased, the receiving country's authorities may require embalming. The Strasbourg Convention (1973) regulates international transport of the deceased and includes conditions regarding preservation treatment. Second, embalming may be used if the funeral must be postponed exceptionally long, for example due to a forensic investigation.
Environmental considerations
Traditional embalming is environmentally harmful. Formaldehyde (methanal) is classified by the European Chemicals Agency as a carcinogenic substance (category 1B). In coffin burial, embalming chemicals gradually enter the soil as the body decomposes. In the crematorium combustion process, the chemicals evaporate but may cause emissions in flue gases.
As environmental awareness has grown, alternative preservation methods have been developed. Ethanol-based and other less toxic fluids have become more common. Some funeral homes offer dry ice treatment as a short-term alternative to chemical embalming. The ecological burial trend favours treatments containing as few chemicals as possible, which is in line with the Finnish practice of cold storage.
Legislation and international practices
Finnish legislation does not specifically regulate embalming, but it falls under the Burial Act and the Health Protection Act. In international transport of the deceased, the Strasbourg Convention and the requirements of the destination country are followed. Airlines generally require a zinc coffin and, if necessary, embalming. The funeral home handles the practical arrangements, including the necessary documents and coordination of transport.
Frequently asked questions
Is embalming used in Finland?
In Finland, embalming is rare compared to the United States, for example, where it is standard practice. In Finland, the deceased is stored in cold storage until the funeral, which is usually sufficient as burial typically takes place within 2–3 weeks of death. Embalming is mainly used when the deceased is transported internationally or the funeral is exceptionally delayed.
Is embalming harmful to the environment?
Traditional embalming with formaldehyde-based fluids is environmentally harmful. Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogenic substance, and its entry into the soil during burial is an environmental risk. More environmentally friendly alternatives have come to market, such as ethanol-based preservation fluids and biodegradable products. In cremation, embalming chemicals evaporate during the combustion process.
When is embalming mandatory?
In Finland, embalming is never legally mandatory. In international transport of the deceased, however, the receiving country may require embalming. Several countries require measures in accordance with the Strasbourg Convention, which may include embalming. Airlines also have their own requirements for transport of the deceased, which may include an embalming requirement.
Related terms
The washing and cleaning of the deceased's body before dressing and placing in the casket.
A facility where cremation of the deceased is carried out. Finland has approximately 20 crematoria.
A vessel into which the cremation remains of the deceased are placed after cremation, for burial, storage or scattering of ashes.
A company that provides services related to a death, such as transport of the deceased, arrangement of funerals and guidance for family members.
Read also
How is the transport and storage of the deceased arranged in Finland? Read about transport arrangements, cold storage, timelines, and costs.
Guide to natural burial grounds: what they are, how they differ from traditional cemeteries, availability in Finland and international examples.
Guide to body donation to science: how the process works in Finland, university requirements, family considerations and remembrance.